Signal transduction is a mechanism that converts a stimulus to a cell into a specific cellular response, through which the cell makes modifications in either activity of enzymes or gene transcription. Signal transduction processes are often initiated through receptor ligation or stresses, and may involve a cascade of signals within the cell. With each step of the cascade, the signal can be amplified and eventually creates a change to the cell to achieve the desired cell response. Transmembrane receptors span the cell membrane, with part of the receptor outside and part inside the cell. The chemical signal binds to the outer portion of the receptor, changing its shape and conveying another signal inside the cell. The cascading series of intracellular biochemical events often involve phosphorylation cascade. Activated kinases can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group to serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues on target proteins and regulate protein activity, localization, and protein-protein interactions. Activities modified by phosphorylation can in turn be terminated by the phosphatases.
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Adaptor Proteins
Akt Pathway
Autophagy
Calcium-binding Proteins and Related Molecules
Cellular Senescence and Pathways in Aging
Circadian Rhythm Molecules
G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
Intracellular Kinases
ITIM/ITAM Immunoreceptors and Related Molecules
Jak/STAT Signaling
Neurotransmitter Receptors, Transporters, and Ion Channels
NFkB Pathway
Notch Pathway
Phosphatases and Regulators
phospho-Serine/phospho-Threonine Binding Proteins
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Serine Proteases and Regulators
Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Modifiers
Wnt Family
Proteins Related to Signal Transduction:
- BLNK Proteins
- BTLA Proteins
- CD44 Proteins
- CEACAM-3/CD66d Proteins
- Chk1 Proteins
- CD21 Proteins
- DLL4 Proteins
- FGFR2 Proteins
- GABARAP Proteins
- IL-32 Proteins
- Insulin Receptor Proteins
- MAP3K8 Proteins
- p38 Proteins
- NKp44/NCR2 Proteins
- NOTCH1 Proteins
- S100A6 Proteins
- S100P Proteins
- HAI-2/SPINT2 Proteins